The Geography of the Crown: Reflections on Mikisew Cree and Williams Lake

In this article, we argue for the importance of the geographic underpinnings of the concepts of “the Crown”, the “honour of the Crown”, “fiduciary duty”, and the “duty to consult” in cases concerning Aboriginal title and rights in Canada. Recent decisions, including Williams Lake (2018) and Mikisew Cree (2018), while further developing and refining these concepts, continue to skirt around the fundamentally geographic issue of territorial sovereignty. We argue that both political and legal discussions fail to recognize fully how the honour of the Crown, fiduciary duty, and the duty to consult arise from this geographical basis, rather than from a legal or abstracted definition of the Crown. More than a bounded space or a specific site, territory is a strategic process of settler-colonial statecraft, in which the law is a constitutive instrument in the unmaking and remaking of territory. The concepts of the Crown, its honour and its duties are not exempt from this process

Regulating Medicines in a Globalized World With Increased Recognition and Reliance Among Regulators: A National Academies Report

Research and development of pharmaceuticals are now complex global endeavors, with drug companies operating worldwide using global supply chains. Pharmaceutical companies source their products from many countries, conduct trials in multiple sites, and market essential drugs and vaccines globally. Yet oversight of drug safety and effectiveness is primarily the responsibility of national regulators of variable capacities. National agencies often undertake product reviews without recognizing that similar reviews are occurring elsewhere, sometimes simultaneously. The result is duplication and redundancy, which benefits neither national nor global public health. Supported by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened an expert committee to explore the benefits of mutual recognition and other reliance activities among regulators. Even well-resourced regulators (for example, the FDA, the European Medicines Agency, the Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency Japan, and Health Canada) find it difficult to ensure the safety, efficacy, and quality of medicines in a globalized world. Regulatory failures cause harm to the population and undermine public trust in government. In 2008, following discovery of contaminated heparin originating from China, the Bush administration authorized the FDA to coordinate certain product manufacturing inspections with Australian and European regulators in China and India—setting the stage for “third country” inspections (ie, inspections conducted outside the jurisdiction of either regulator). Yet concerns about the quality of active pharmaceutical ingredients and finished pharmaceutical products persist. For example, in 2018, the FDA recalled generic medications used to treat hypertension and cardiovascular disease because of contamination

Geriatric Interdisciplinary Team Training

Educational Objectives 1. To demonstrate the importance of training health care professionals in inter-disciplinary teamwork and geriatric health issues. 2. To increase one’s knowledge of the roles and responsibilities of the various disciplines involved in interdisciplinary teamwork

Catalysts for long-life closed-cycle CO2 lasers

Long-life, closed-cycle operation of pulsed CO2 lasers requires catalytic CO-O2 recombination both to remove O2, which is formed by discharge-induced CO2 decomposition, and to regenerate CO2. Platinum metal on a tin (IV) oxide substrate (Pt/SnO2) has been found to be an effective catalyst for such recombination in the desired temperature range of 25 to 100 C. This paper presents a description of ongoing research at NASA-LaRC on Pt/SnO2 catalyzed CO-O2 recombination. Included are studies with rare-isotope gases since rare-isotope CO2 is desirable as a laser gas for enhanced atmospheric transmission. Results presented include: (1) achievement of 98% to 100% conversion of a stoichiometric mixture of CO and O2 to CO2 for 318 hours (greater than 1 x 10 to the 6th power seconds), continuous, at a catalyst temperature of 60 C, and (2) development of a technique verified in a 30-hour test, to prevent isotopic scrambling when CO-18 and O-18(2) are reacted in the presence of a common-isotope Pt/Sn O-16(2) catalyst

Imaging Multidimensional Therapeutically Relevant Circadian Relationships

Circadian clocks gate cellular proliferation and, thereby, therapeutically target availability within proliferative pathways. This temporal coordination occurs within both cancerous and noncancerous proliferating tissues. The timing within the circadian cycle of the administration of drugs targeting proliferative pathways necessarily impacts the amount of damage done to proliferating tissues and cancers. Concurrently measuring target levels and associated key pathway components in normal and malignant tissues around the circadian clock provides a path toward a fuller understanding of the temporal relationships among the physiologic processes governing the therapeutic index of antiproliferative anticancer therapies. The temporal ordering among these relationships, paramount to determining causation, is less well understood using two- or three-dimensional representations. We have created multidimensional multimedia depictions of the temporal unfolding of putatively causative and the resultant therapeutic effects of a drug that specifically targets these ordered processes at specific times of the day. The systems and methods used to create these depictions are provided, as well as three example supplementary movies

Imaging Multidimensional Therapeutically Relevant Circadian Relationships

Circadian clocks gate cellular proliferation and, thereby, therapeutically target availability within proliferative pathways. This temporal coordination occurs within both cancerous and noncancerous proliferating tissues. The timing within the circadian cycle of the administration of drugs targeting proliferative pathways necessarily impacts the amount of damage done to proliferating tissues and cancers. Concurrently measuring target levels and associated key pathway components in normal and malignant tissues around the circadian clock provides a path toward a fuller understanding of the temporal relationships among the physiologic processes governing the therapeutic index of antiproliferative anticancer therapies. The temporal ordering among these relationships, paramount to determining causation, is less well understood using two- or three-dimensional representations. We have created multidimensional multimedia depictions of the temporal unfolding of putatively causative and the resultant therapeutic effects of a drug that specifically targets these ordered processes at specific times of the day. The systems and methods used to create these depictions are provided, as well as three example supplementary movies

Critical Thinking Among College and Graduate Students

John Dewey (1933) argued that reflective thinking, the careful col-lection and evaluation of evidence leading to a conclusion, should be a central aim of education. Recent national reports on the quality of post-secondary education in the United States have affirmed the centrality of teaching critical thinking skills to college students (National Institute of Education 1984; Association of American Colleges 1985; Garrison 1984). Yet the empirical evidence docu-menting progress toward this objective among undergraduate col-lege students is minimal, and among graduate students, is virtu